Importantly, density varies by an order of magnitude between regions and countries and decreases in more developed economies. These results were generally consistent in years spanning four decades from 1975 to 2015. In contrast, 17 of 38 countries (~45%) exhibited density scalings statistically indistinguishable from constant population densities across cities of varying sizes. Our results showed that (18/38) 47% of countries analyzed supported increasing density scaling (pop ~ area) with exponents ~⅚ as UST predicts. We present a new global analysis using a publicly available database of 933 cities from 38 countries. Urban scaling theory (UST) has assumed that population density scales positively with city size. Understanding scaling relations of social and environmental attributes of urban systems is necessary for effectively managing cities. 12Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.11Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.10School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.9School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.8Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.7Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.6Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.5Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.4Genomica, Ecologia y Medio Ambiente (GEMA) Center for Genomics, Ecology and Environment, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.3Max Plank Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.2School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.1Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
Cruz 7 Xiao Feng 8 César Hinojo-Hinojo 9 Abu S.
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